OSPC 2065 - Equality, Discrimination, Diversity : Theories and Policies

« Multiculturalism » is the object of intense academic and political controversies. Yet this all-encompassing, catch-all category often conflates issues pertaining the management of ethno-cultural and religious diversity within a given Nation-State with those related to the reduction of racial inequality reflecting past and/or present discrimination. Antidiscrimination policies, and affirmative action policies in particular, are meant to address such self-perpetuating inequality. The course will both attempt to clarify some key concepts – (in)equality, race, racism, and discrimination – and explore those policies – their history, their justifications, and their limitations – from a comparative perspective. The course will rely on concepts and knowledge drawn from a wide array of disciplines, including political science, philosophy, law, sociology, history, social psychology, and economics. The cases of the United States, India, the United Kingdom, France, Malaysia, and South Africa will be examined. No previous knowledge of the topic is required.

No prerequisite.

Seminar

There are no specific restrictions regarding the use of AI by students.

In-class presentation: (Why) Is inequality a matter of concern?

• RAWLS, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 3-53.

Additional references:

ANDERSON, Elizabeth. « What is the Point of Equality? », Ethics, 109 (2), 1999,

• 287-337

ATKINSON, Anthony. Inequality: What Can Be Done. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2015

BOURGUIGNON, François. The Globalization of Inequality. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015

CARTER, Ian. « Respect and the Basis of Equality », Ethics, 121 (3), 2011), p. 538-571

CUDD, Ann. Analyzing Oppression. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006

DWORKIN, Ronald. Sovereign Virtue. The Theory and Practice of Equality. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2000

FRANKFURT, Harry. « Equality as a Moral Ideal », Ethics, 98, 1987, p. 21-42

HAUSMAN, Daniel. « Equality of Autonomy », Ethics, 119 (4), 2009, p. 742-756

HONNETH, Axel and FRASER, Nancy. Redistribution or Recognition ? A Political-Philosophical Exchange. New York: Verso, 2003

KYMLICKA, Will. Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990

LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, Kasper. Relational Egalitarianism. Living as Equals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018

MASON, Andrew. Levelling the Playing Field. The Idea of Equal Opportunity and its Place in Egalitarian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006

MILANOVIC, Branko. Global Inequality. A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2016

MILLER, David. « Equality and Justice », Ratio, 10, 1997, p. 222–37

NAGEL, Thomas. Equality and Partiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991

PARFIT, Derek. « Equality or Priority? », in The Ideal of Equality, ed. Matthew Clayton and Andrew Williams. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 81-125

RAE, Douglas et al. Equalities. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1981

ROEMER, John. Equality of Opportunity. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1998

ROSANVALLON, Pierre. The Society of Equals. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2013 [2011]

SCANLON, Thomas. Why Does Inequality Matter? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018

SCHACHAR, Ayelet. The Birthright Lottery. Citizenship and Global Inequality. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2009

SCHEFFLER, Samuel. « What is Egalitarianism? », Philosophy and Public Affairs, 31 (1), 2003, p. 5-39

SEN, Amartya. Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press; New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992

WALDRON, Jeremy. One Another’s Equals. The Basis of Human Equality, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2018

WESTEN, Peter. « The Empty Idea of Equality », Harvard Law Review, 95 (3), 1982, p. 537- 595

WILKINSON, Richard and PICKETT, Kate. The Spirit Level. Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. London: Allen Lane, 2010

WOLFF, Jonathan. « Fairness, Respect and the Egalitarian Ethos », Philosophy and Public Affairs, 27 (2), 1998, p. 97–122

WOLFF, Jonathan Wolff and de-SHALIT, Avner. Disadvantage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007

Session 3: Race

In-class presentation : Should one abandon the notion of race?

• HARDIMON, Michael. « The Ordinary Concept of Race », Journal of Philosophy, 100 (9), 2003, p. 437-455
• BLUM, Lawrence. « Racialized Groups », The Monist, 93 (2), 2010, p. 298-320

Additional references:

APPIAH, Kwame Anthony. « Race, Culture, Identity: Misunderstood Connections », in Kwame Anthony Appiah and Amy Gutmann, Color-Conscious. The Political Morality of Race. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996, p. 30-105

ARENDT, Hannah. « Race-thinking before Racism », Review of Politics, 6 (1), 1944, p. 36-73

BALIBAR, Étienne. « Le retour de la race », Mouvements :

http://www.mouvements.info/Le-retour-de-la-race.html

BANTON, Michael. Racial Theories. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1998

BESSONE, Magali. Sans distinction de race ? Une analyse critique du concept de race et de ses effets pratiques. Paris : Vrin, 2013

BESSONE, Magali and SABBAGH, Daniel (eds). Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux. Paris: Hermann, coll. « L’Avocat du Diable », 2015.

Du BOIS, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007 [1903], p. 3-14

BOURDIEU, Pierre and WACQUANT, Loïc. “On the cunning of imperialist reason”, Theory, Culture & Society, 16 (1), p. 41-58

BRUBAKER, Rogers. Trans. Gender and Race in an Age of Unsettled Identities. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016

GLASGOW, Joshua. A Theory of Race. New York: Routledge, 2009

HACKING, Ian. « Why Race still Matters », Daedalus, Winter 2005, p. 102-116

HARDIMON, Michael. Rethinking Race. The Case for Deflationary Realism. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2017

HIRSCHFELD, Lawrence. Race in the Making. Cognition, Culture, and the Child’s Construction of Human Kinds. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press, 1996

HIRSCHMAN, Charles. « The Origins and the Demise of the Concept of Race », Population and Development Review, 30 (3), p. 385-415

KITCHER, Philip. « Does ‘Race’ Have a Future ? », Philosophy and Public Affairs, 35 (4), 2007, p. 293-317

LEBRON, Christopher. The Color of Our Shame. Race and Justice in our Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013

LÉVI-STRAUSS, Claude. Race et histoire. Paris : Denoël, 1968

LOVEMAN, Mara. « Is 'Race' Essential ? A Comment on Bonilla-Silva ». American Sociological Review, 64 (6), 1999, p. 891-898

MALLON, Ron. « ‘Race’ : Normative, not Metaphysical or Semantic », Ethics, 116 (3), 2006, p. 525-551

MORNING, Ann. The Nature of Race: How Scientists Think and Teach about Human Difference. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011

OLENDER, Maurice. Race sans histoire. Paris: Seuil, 2009

ROTH, Wendy D. « The Multiple Dimensions of Race », Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39 (8), 2016, p. 1310-1338

SCHAUB, Jean-Frédéric. Race is about Politics: Lessons from History. Princeton: Princeton University Press

SHELBY, Tommie. We Who Are Dark. The Philosophical Foundations of Black Solidarity. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2005

SIMON, Patrick. « Les statistiques, les sciences sociales françaises et les rapports sociaux ethniques et de ‘race’ », Revue française de sociologie, 49 (1), 2008, p. 153-162

SMITH, Justin. Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference. Race in Early Modern Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015

TAGUIEFF, Pierre-André. “Race”: un mot de trop? Science, politique et morale. Paris : CNRS éditions, 2018

TUVEL, Rebecca. « In Defense of Transracialism », Hypatia, 32 (2), 2017, p. 263-278

Session 4: Racism

In-class presentation : Racism: definitions and their implications

• ARTHUR, John. Race, Equality, and the Burdens of History. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, chapter 1.
• WACQUANT, Loïc. « For an Analytic of Racial Domination », Political Power and Social Theory, 11, 1997, p. 221-234

Additional references:

ALLPORT, Gordon. The Nature of Prejudice. Cambridge (Mass.): Addison-Wesley, 1954

BALIBAR, Étienne and WALLERSTEIN, Immanuel. Race, Nation, Class. Ambiguous Identities. London : Verso, 2010 [2007]

BESSONE, Magali and SABBAGH, Daniel (eds). Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux. Paris: Hermann, coll. “L’Avocat du Diable”, 2015

BETHENCOURT, Francisco. Racisms: From the Crusades to the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015

BLUM, Lawrence. « I’m not a Racist, But… ». The Moral Quandary of Race. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002

BONILLA-SILVA Eduardo. “Rethinking Racism: Towards a Structural Interpretation”, American Sociological Review, 62 (3), 1997, p. 465-480

COLAS, Dominique Colas (dir.), Races et racismes de Platon à Derrida. Paris : Plon, 2004

EMIRBAYER, Mustafa and DESMOND, Matthew. The Racial Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015

FANON, Frantz. Peau noire, masques blancs, in Œuvres, Paris, La Découverte, 2011 [1952]

FREDRICKSON, George. Racism. A Short History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002

GARCIA, Jorge. « The Heart of Racism », Journal of Social Philosophy, 27 (1), 1996, p. 5-46

GUILLAUMIN, Colette. L’idéologie raciste. Genèse et langage actuel. Paris : Gallimard, 1982 [1972]

HARDIMON, « Should we Narrow the Scope of ‘Racism’ to Accommodate White Sensitivities ? », Critical Philosophy of Race, 7 (2), 2019, p. 223-246.

JAHODA, Marie. « La Fonction psychologique du préjugé racial », in Henri Mendras (ed.), Éléments de sociologie. Paris, Armand Colin, 1978, p. 81-110

MEMMI, Albert. Le racisme, Paris, Gallimard, 1994 [1982]

POLIAKOV, Léon. Le mythe Aryen. Essai sur les sources du racisme et du nationalisme. Paris : Calmann-Lévy, 1971

TAGUIEFF, Pierre-André. La force du préjugé. Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles. Paris : La Découverte, 1988

WACQUANT, Loïc. Racial Domination. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2024.

Session 5: Ethnoracial classification in practice

In-class presentation : The costs and benefits of ethnoracial classifications

• WAGLEY, Charles. « On the Concept of Social Race in the Americas », in D. B. Heath and R.N. Adams (eds), Contemporary Cultures and Societies of Latin America, New York, Random House, 1965, p. 531-545
• ROTH, Wendy. « The multiple dimensions of race ». Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39 (8), p. 1310-1338

Additional references:

BLUM, Alain and GUÉRIN-PACE, France. « From Measuring Integration to Fighting Discrimination: The Illusion of « Ethnic Statistics », French Politics, Culture & Society, 26 (1), 2008, p. 45-61

CAMPBELL Mary and TROYER, Lisa. « The Implications of Racial Misclassifications by Observers », American Sociological Review, 72 (5), 2007, p. 750-765

DAVIS, James F. Who is Black? One Nation’s Definition. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991

FORD, Christopher A., « Administering Identity: The Determination of ‘Race’ in Race-Conscious Law », California Law Review, 82 (5), 1994, p. 1231-1285

GROSS, Ariela. What Blood Won’t Tell. A History of Race on Trial in America. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2008

HANEY LOPEZ Ian. White By Law. The Legal Construction of Race. New York: New York University Press, 1996

HOLLINGER, David. « Amalgamation and Hypodescent: The Question of Ethnoracial Mixture in the History of the United States », American Historical Review, 108 (5), 2003, p. 1363-1390

JACOBSON, Matthew F. Whiteness of a Different Color. European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1998

LOVEMAN, Mara. National Colors. Racial Classification and the State in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014

MORNING, Anne. « Ethnic Classification in a Global Perspective: A Cross-National survey of the 2000 census round », Population Research and Policy Review, 27 (2), 2008, p. 239-272

MORNING, Anne and SABBAGH, Daniel. « From Sword to Plowshare: Using Race

for Discrimination and Antidiscrimination in the United States », International Social Science Journal, 183, 2005, p. 61-81

NOBLES, Melissa. Shades of Citizenship. Race and the Census in Modern Politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000

PERLMANN, Joel and WATERS, Mary (eds). The New Race Question. How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002

PREWITT, Kenneth. What is Your Race? The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013

RINGELHEIM, Julie J. and De SCHUTTER, Olivier. Ethnic Monitoring. The Processing of Racial and Ethnic Data in Anti-discrimination Policies: Reconciling the Promotion of Equality with Privacy Rights. Brussels: Bruylant, 2010

SAPERSTEIN, Aliya and PENNER, Andrew. « Racial Fluidity and Inequality in the United States », American Journal of Sociology, 118 (3), 2012, p. 676-727

SCHOR, Paul. Counting Americans. How the US Census Classified the Nation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017

SIMON, Patrick. « The Choice of Ignorance: The Debate on Ethnic and Racial Statistics in France », French Politics, Culture & Society, 26 (1), 2008, p. 7-31

SIMON, Patrick. « Collecting Ethnic Statistics in Europe: A Review », Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35 (8), 2012, p.1366-1391

SKERRY, Peter. Counting on the Census? Race, Group Identity, and the Evasion of Politics, Brookings Institution, 2000

WATERS, Mary. Ethnic Options. Choosing Identities in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990

Session 6 : The concept of discrimination (1)

In-class presentation : Discrimination: definitions, typologies, measurement

• U.S. Supreme Court case Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 401 U.S. 424 (1971)
• Take the (race) Implicit Association Test: https://implicit.harvard.edu

Additional references:

BANAJI, Mahzarin and GREENWALD, Anthony. Blindspot. Hidden Biases of Good People. New York: Delacorte Press, 2013

BERTRAND, Marianne and DUFLO, Esther. “Field experiments on discrimination”, Working Paper No. 22014, National Bureau of Economic Research: https://doi.org/10.3386/w22014.

BESSONE, Magali and SABBAGH, Daniel (eds). Race, racisme, discriminations. Une anthologie de textes fondamentaux. Paris: Hermann, coll. “L’Avocat du Diable”, 2015

COLLINS, Hugh and KHAITAN, Tarunabh. Foundations of Indirect Discrimination Law. Oxford: Hart, 2018

EBERHARDT, Jennifer. Biased. Uncovering the Hidden Prejudice that Shapes What We See, Think, and Do. New York: Penguin, 2020

EPSTEIN, Richard. Forbidden Grounds. The Case against Employment Discrimination Laws. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1992

FISKE, Susan. « Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination », in Gilbert D., Fiske S. and Lindzey G. (eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology, vol II, 4th ed., Boston, McGraw-Hill, 1998

HAMILTON KRIEGER, Linda. « The Content of our Categories: A Cognitive Bias Approach on Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity », Stanford Law Review, 47 (6), 1995, p. 1161-1248

HAMILTON KRIEGER, Linda and FISKE, Susan. « Behavioral Realism in

Employment Discrimination Law: Implicit Bias and Disparate Treatment », California Law Review, 94 (4), 2006, p. 997-1062

HELLMAN, Deborah and MOREAU, Sofia S. (eds). Philosophical Foundations of Discrimination Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013

KHAITAN, Tarunabh. A Theory of Discrimination Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015

KOPPELMAN, Andrew. Antidiscrimination Law and Social Equality. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996

LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, Kasper. Born Free and Equal? A Philosophical Inquiry into the Nature of Discrimination. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014

LOCHAK, Danièle. « Réflexions sur la notion de discrimination ». Droit social, novembre, n° 11, 1987, p. 778-790

McTERNAN, Emily. « Microaggressions, Equality, and Social Practices », Journal of Political Philosophy, 26 (3), 2017, p. 261-281

MOREAU, Sophia. Faces of Inequality. A Theory of Wrongful Discrimination. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

PALAIS, Amanda, PARIENTE, William, and GLOVER, Dylan. « Discrimination as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Evidence from French Grocery Stores », Quarterly Journal of Economics, 132 (3), 2017, p. 1219-1260

De SCHUTTER, Olivier. Discriminations et marché du travail. Liberté et égalité dans les rapports d’emploi. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2011

SOLANKE, Iyola. Discrimination as Stigma. A Theory of Anti-Discrimination Law. London: Hart, 2016

STEELE, Claude. « A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance », American Psychologist, 52 (6), 1997, p. 613-629

TAJFEL, Henri. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Session 7: The concept of discrimination (2)

In-class presentation: Can it be rational to discriminate on the basis of race or sex ?

• SCHAUER, Frederick. Profiles, Probabilities, and Stereotypes. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2003, p. 1-25, 131-154, 175-198.
• SINGER, Peter. « Is Racial Discrimination Arbitrary ? », Philosophia, 8 (2-3), 1978, p. 185-203

Additional references:

ALEXANDER, Larry. « What Makes Wrongful Discrimination Wrong: Biases, Preferences, Stereotypes, and Proxies », University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 41 (1), 1992, p. 149-219

BAUMLE Amanda K. and FOSSETT Mark. « Statistical Discrimination in Employment : Its Practice, Conceptualization, and Implications for Public Policy », American Behavioral Scientist, 48 (9), 2005, p. 1250-1274

BECKER, Gary. The Economics of Discrimination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957

BOONIN, David. Should race matter? Unusual answers to the usual questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

EIDELSON, Benjamin. Discrimination and Disrespect. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015

GLAZER, Jack. Suspect Race. Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015

HARCOURT, Bernard. Against Prediction. Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007

HELLMAN, Deborah. When is Discrimination Wrong? Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2008

KENNEDY, Randall. Race, Crime, and the Law. New York: Pantheon, 1997

LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, Kasper. « Reaction Qualifications Revisited », Social Theory and Practice, 35 (3), 2009, p. 413-439

LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, Kasper. “Nothing Personal: On Statistical Discrimination”, Journal of Political Philosophy, 15 (4), 2007, p. 385-403

LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, Kasper. « Racial Profiling versus Community », Journal of Applied Philosophy, 23 (1), 2006, p. 141-155

MASON, Andrew. « Appearance, Discrimination, and Reaction Qualifications », Journal of Political Philosophy, 25 (1), 2017, p. 48-71

MUHAMMAD, Khalil. The Condemnation of Blackness. Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America, Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard University Press, 2015.

O’FLAHERTY, Brendan and SETHI, Rajiv. Shadows of Doubt: Stereotypes, Crime, and the Pursuit of Justice. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2019

PHELPS, Edmund. « The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism », American Economic Review, LXII (4), 1972, p. 659-661

RISSE, Matthias and ZECKHAUSER, Richard. « Racial Profiling », Philosophy and Public Affairs, 32 (2), 2004, p. 131-170

RUEGGER Marc. « La discrimination statistique, entre pertinence et arbitraire », Revue de philosophie économique, 8 (1), 2007, p. 73-93

WIGGINS, Benjamin. Calculating Race. Racial Discrimination in Risk Assessment.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021

Session 8: Antidiscrimination Policies : The Case of the United States (1)

In-class presentation : The origins of affirmative action

• Anderson Terry (2004). The Pursuit of Fairness: A History of Affirmative Action. Oxford: University Press, p. 69-109

Additional references:

BELZ, Herman. Equality Transformed. A Quarter-Century of Affirmative Action.

New Brunswick: Transaction, 1991

CHEN, Anthony. The Fifth Freedom. Jobs, Politics, and Civil Rights in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009

DOBBIN, Frank. Inventing Equal Opportunity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009

GLAZER, Nathan. Affirmative Discrimination. Ethnic Inequality and Public Policy. New York: Basic Books, 1987 [1975]

GRAHAM, Hugh Davis. The Civil Rights Era. Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-1972. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990

GRAHAM, Hugh Davis. Collision Course. The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002

KATZNELSON, Ira. When Affirmative Action was White. An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Norton, 2005

KOTLOWSKI, Dean. Nixon’s Civil Rights: Politics, Principle, and Policy. Cambridge (Mass): Harvard University Press, 2001

KULL, Andrew. The Color-Blind Constitution. Cambridge: Harvard University

Press, 1992 (p. 183-224)

MACLEAN, Nancy. Freedom is not Enough. The Opening of the American Workplace. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2006

POLE, J.R. The Pursuit of Equality in American History. Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1993 [1978].

SABBAGH, Daniel. L’Égalité par le droit. Les paradoxes de la discrimination positive aux États-Unis. Paris : Économica, chap. 1

SKRENTNY, John David. The Ironies of Affirmative Action. Politics, Culture, and Justice in America. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1996

SKRENTNY, John David. The Minority Rights Revolution. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2002

Session 9: The Case of the United States (2)

In-class presentation : Should affirmative action be justified as a way of promoting « diversity »?

• US Supreme Court Case Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978), (http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=438&invol=265) (opinion of Justice Lewis Powell)

Additional references:

ANDERSON, Elizabeth, The Imperative of Integration. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010

COHEN Marshall, NAGEL Thomas, and SCANLON Thomas (eds). Equality and Preferential Treatment. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977

FORD, Richard Thompson. Racial Culture. A Critique. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005

GREGORY, E. John. « Diversity is a Value in American Higher Education, but it is not a Legal Justification for Affirmative Action », Florida Law Review, 52, 2000,

• 930-955

KENNEDY, Randall. For Discrimination. Race, Affirmative Action, and the Law. New York: Random House, 2013

KRONMAN, Anthony, « Is Diversity a Value in American Higher Education? », Florida Law Review, 52, 2000, p. 861-928

LIPPERT-RASMUSSEN, Kasper. Making Sense of Affirmative Action, New York, Oxford University Press, 2020

PAGE, Scott. The Difference. How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups,

Firms, Schools, and Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007

POSSELT, Julie. Inside Graduate Admission. Merit, Diversity, and Faculty Gatekeeping. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2016

RUBENFELD Jed, « Affirmative Action », Yale Law Journal, 107 (2), 1997, p. 427-472

SABBAGH Daniel. Equality and Transparency. A Strategic Perspective on Affirmative Action in American Law. New York: Palgrave, 2007

SCHUCK, Peter. Diversity in America. Keeping Government at a Safe Distance. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2003

SKRENTNY, John David (2013). After Civil Rights. Racial Realism in the New American Workplace. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Session 10: The United Kingdom and Its Former Empire (India, Malaysia, South Africa)

In-class presentation : The origins and effects of caste-based reservations in India

• DESHPANDE, Satish. « Revisioning Social Justice: The Embattled Present and Volatile Future of Positive Action Discourses in India », Bellagio, August 2007 (unpublished manuscript, on file with instructor)
• De ZWART, Frank. « The Dilemma of Recognition: Administrative Categories and Cultural Diversity », Theory and Society, 34 (2), 2005, p. 137-169

Additional references:

ADAM, Kanya. « The Politics of Redress: South African Style Affirmative Action », The Journal of Modern African Studies 35 (2), 1997, p. 231-249

BAKRI, Musa M. The Malay Dilemma Revisited. Race Dynamics in Modern Malaysia. Gilroy : Merantau, 1999

CÉDIEY, Eric. « Comment l’affirmative action vint à l’Afrique du Sud », Critique internationale, 17, 2002, p. 145-158

CÉDIEY, Eric. « Getting Equality to Work: The South African Employment Equity Act », Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Comparative Studies 3 (1), 2001

CHAUCHARD, Simon, Why Representation Matters. The Meaning of Ethnic Quotas in Rural India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017

CUNNINGHAM, Clark and MADHAVA, Menon N. R. « Race, Class, Caste... ? Rethinking Affirmative Action ». Michigan Law Review, 97 (5), 1999, p. 1296-1308

DIRKS, Nicholas. « Différence et discrimination: la politique des castes dans l’Inde post-coloniale », Annales, Histoires, Sciences Sociales, 52 (3), 1997, p. 593-619

DUDLEY JENKINS, Laura. Identity and Identification in India. Defining the Disadvantaged. New York: Routledge, 2003

FORD, Christopher. « Challenges and Dilemmas of Racial and Ethnic Identity in U. S. and Post-Apartheid South African Affirmative Action ». UCLA Law Review, 43 (6), 1996, p. 1953-2029

GALANTER, Marc. Competing Equalities. Law and the Backward Classes in India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984

GANGULY, S. « Ethnic Policies and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore”, in Michael Brown and Sumit Ganguly (eds). Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press, 1997

GOMEZ, T. and JOMO K. S. Malaysia’s Political Economy. Politics, Patronage, and Profit. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997

HASAN Zora. Politics of Inclusion. Caste, Minority, and Representation in India. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008

JAFFRELOT, Christophe. Inde. La démocratie par la caste: histoire d’une mutation sociopolitique. Paris : Fayard, 2005

JAFFRELOT, Christophe. « La discrimination positive, nouvelle pomme de discorde entre les partis politiques, le secteur privé et le pouvoir judiciaire en Inde », Droit et cultures, 53 (1), 2007, p. 45-62

JENSENIUS, Francesca. Social Justice through Inclusion. The Consequences of Electoral Quotas in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017

LAFAYE de Michaux, Elsa. « La mise en question de l’usage des catégories ethniques dans l’analyse des inégalités de revenus en Malaisie », Économies et sociétés, 43, 2004

LEE, Hwok Aun. Affirmative Action in Malaysia and South Africa. Preference for Parity. New York: Routledge, 2021

LIM MAH, Hui. « Affirmative Action, Ethnicity, and Integration: The Case of Malaysia ». Ethnic and Racial Studies, 8 (2), 1985, p. 250-277

MICHELMAN, Frank. « Reasonable Umbrage: Race and Constitutional Anti-discrimination Law in the United States and South Africa ». Harvard Law Review, 117, 2004

NESIAH, Devanesan. Discrimination with Reason? The Policy of Reservations in the United States, India, and Malaysia, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997

PARIKH, Sunita. « Affirmative Action, Caste, and Party Politics in Contemporary India », in John David Skrentny (ed.). Color Lines. Affirmative Action, Immigration, and Civil Rights Options for America. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 297-312

PREET, Hooda Sagar. Contesting Reservations. The Indian Experiment on Affirmative Action. Jaipur and New Delhi: Rawat Publications, 2001

SEEKINGS, Jeremy. « The Continuing Salience of Race: Discrimination and Diversity in South Africa », Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 26 (1), 2008, p. 1-25

SEEKINGS, Jeremy and NATTRASS, Nicoli. Class, Race, and Inequality in South Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005

SLATE, Nico. Colored Cosmopolitanism. The Shared Struggle for Freedom in the United States and India. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 2017

THOMAS, Adèle. « Employment Equity in South Africa: Lessons from the Global School ». International Journal of Manpower, 23, 2002, p. 237-255

van der WESTHUISEN, Janis. Adapting to Globalization: Malaysia, South Africa, and the Challenges of Ethnic Redistribution with Growth. Westport: Praeger, 2002

Session 11 : Multiculturalism

In-class presentation : Defining and assessing « multiculturalism »

• HOLLINGER, David. Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism. New York: Basic Books, 2006, p. 19-50

Additional references:

BARRY, Brian. Culture and Equality: An Egalitarian Critique of Multiculturalism. London: Polity, 2001

KUKATHAS, Chandran. The Liberal Archipelago. A Theory of Diversity and Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003

KYMLICKA, Will. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007

KYMLICKA, Will. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995

KYMLICKA, Will and BANTING, Keith. Multiculturalism and the Welfare State. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006

LEVY, Jacob. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000

PHILLIPS, Anne. Multiculturalism without Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007

SNIDERMAN, Paul and HAGENDOORN, Louk. When Ways of Life Collide. Multiculturalism and Its Discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007

SONG, Sarah. Justice, Gender, and the Politics of Multiculturalism, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2007

Reading the references marked by an* before the corresponding session indicated on the syllabus is compulsory. The final grade will be based on an exposé (50%), a final paper of no more than 5,000 words (50%). Extra points based on the quality of the participation in class discussions may also be added.

To be discussed in class.