DAFF 25A65 - Europe foreign and security policies

The seminar will offer an overview of Europe's foreign and security policies since the end of the Cold War, with a focus on political, strategic and foreign policy challenges. The course will combine historic understanding and political analyses of the main challenges faced by the European Union. We will try to clarify several concepts such as European diplomacy, Europe's grand strategy, EU hard versus EU soft Power, EU in its regional dimension and the EU in a multipolar world. Often considered as a mere civilian project or a geopolitical dwarf, the Union is fast becoming a security actor.

Jean-Yves HAINE

Séminaire

English

1) Introduction The class will define the general orientation of the seminar, review the syllabus, clarify assignments and organize the presentations. We will attempt to identify this strange political object called the European Union and try to analyse its external relations dimension. We will overview the historical attempts to build Europe's security, from the failure of the Defense community in the 1950s, the relative absence of security arrangements at Maastricht to the current “geopolitical Commission” presided by Von der Leyen. 2) European Security after the Cold War The grand bargain of 1989 produced a paradox: Europe became united but NATO kept its monopoly over European security. European foreign policy remained a theoretical ambition. (Non)-Decisions taken at that time still shape Europe today. The class will thus focus on the European dimension of the end of Cold War. Readings: - Kori Schake, “NATO after the Cold War, 1991-1995: Institutional Competition and the Collapse of the French Alternative”, Contemporary European History, Vol. 7, No. 3, Nov. 1998, p. 379-407. - Frédéric Bozo, “‘Winners' and ‘Losers': France, the United States and the End of the Cold War”, Diplomatic History, Vol. 33, No. 5, Nov. 2009, pp. 927-957. - Ronald Steel, “NATO's Last Mission”, Foreign Policy, No. 76, Autumn 1989, pp. 83-95. Further Readings: - Adam Roberts, “A New Age in International Relations?”, International Affairs, Vol. 67, No. 3, July 1991, pp. 509-525. - John J., Mearsheimer “Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War”, International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1, Summer 1990, pp. 5-56. - Stephen Van Evera, “Primed for Peace: Europe after the Cold War”, International Security, Vol. 15, No. 3, Autumn 1990, pp. 7-57. 3) The Wars in Yugoslavia The war in Bosnia triggered the first attempts to build a European security framework. The class will review the choices made by European powers, the limits of their humanitarian intervention and the dilemma faced by the international community. The war in Kosovo was much more controversial and it led to some crucial steps taken by Europe to organize its security. Readings: - Barry R. Posen, “The security dilemma and ethnic conflict”, Survival, Vol. 35, No. 1, Spring 1993, pp. 27-47 - Philip H. Gordon, “Europe's Uncommon Foreign Policy”, International Security, Vol. 22, No. 3, Winter 1997-98, pp. 74-100. Further Readings: - Silber Laura et Allan Little, Yugoslavia: Death of a Nation, Penguin Books 1996. - Gow James, Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War, Columbia University Press, 1997. - Sabrina P. Ramet, Thinking about Yugoslavia, Cambridge University Press, 2005 - Jan Willem Honig, “Avoiding War, Inviting Defeat: The Srebrenica Crisis, July 1995”, Journal Of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec. 2001, pp. 200-210. - Michael Mandelbaum, “A Perfect Failure: NATO's War against Yugoslavia”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 78, No. 5, Sept.- Oct. 1999, pp. 2-8. - Christopher S. Chivvis, “The Dayton Dilemma”, Survival, Vol. 52, No. 5, Oct.-Nov. 2010, pp. 47-74. • Presentation: Srebrenica: Europe's darkest hour? 4) The Europeanization of Foreign and Security Policies From Saint-Malo to Lisbon, Europe slowly built its security architecture. Coordinated diplomacy and common institutions were deemed essential. Today, there is a High Representative for Foreign Policy. What is his role? Is it important? The class will review the institutional developments and the assumptions behind the process. Readings: - Daniel C. Thomas, “Explaining the negotiation of EU foreign policy: Normative institutionalism and alternative approaches”, International Politics, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2009, pp. 339-357. - Stefan Lehne, Is There Hope For EU Foreign Policy?, Carnegie Europe, December 2017. Further Readings: - Leonard Schuette, Should the EU make foreign policy decisions by majority voting?, Centre for European Reform, May 2019. - Ana E. Juncos and Karolina Pomorska, “Manufacturing Esprit de Corps: The Case of the European External Action Service”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 52. No. 2., March 2014, pp. 302-319. - Erik Brattberg, The E3: the EU, and the Post-Brexit Diplomatic Landscape, Carnegie Endowment for Peace, June 2020. • Presentation: Does Europe need a Foreign Minister? 5) Europe's Grand Strategy The first grand strategy document was written in the aftermath of transatlantic disputes over Iraq in 2003. Nearly two decades later, the EU is still struggling to adjust its strategic compass. The class will try to understand the reasons behind these difficulties and discuss what a grand strategy for Europe would look like. Readings: - Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe, June 2016 available at https://europa.eu/globalstrategy/en/shared-vision-common-action-stronger-europe - Nathalie Tocci, “From the European Security Strategy to the EU Global Strategy: explaining the journey”, International Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2017, pp. 487-502. - Wolfgang Wagner and Rosanne Anholt, “Resilience as the EU Global Strategy's new leitmotif: pragmatic, problematic or promising?”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2016, pp. 414-430. Further Readings: - Jean-Yves Haine and Cynthia Salloum, “Europe: A Strategy for a Regional and Middle Power”, Parameters, Vol. 51, No. 2, Summer 2021, pp. 47-59. - Mark Leonard and Carl Bildt, From Plaything To Player: How Europe Can Stand Up For Itself In The Next Five Years, European Council on Foreign Relations, July 2019. - Alice Billon-Galland and Richard G. Whitman, Towards a strategic agenda for the E3: Opportunities and risks for France, Germany and the UK, Chatham House, April 2021. • Presentation: Europe strategic outlook: share vision? Common Actions? 6) Europe's Hard Power The development of military capabilities has been at the core of Europe common defense policies. Since 2003, the European Union has also launched several military and civil operations. Their range and effectiveness have been limited. The class will review progress achieved so far. Readings: - Sven Biscop, “Battalions to Brigades: The Future of European Defence”, Survival, Vol. 62, No. 5, Oct.-Nov. 2020, pp. 105-118. - Trineke Palm and Ben Crum, “Military operations and the EU's identity as an international security actor”, European Security, Vol. 28, No. 4, 2019, pp. 513-534. - Barry R. Posen, “Europe Can Defend Itself”, Survival, vol. 62, No. 6, Dec. 2020-Jan. 2021, pp. 7-34. Further Readings: - Jean Yves Haine, “The Failure of a European Strategic Culture”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2011, pp. 582-603. - Thierry Tardy, “Does European defence really matter? Fortunes and misfortunes of the CCSDP”, European Security, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2018, pp. 119-137 - Simon W. Duke, “The Competing Logics of EU Security and Defence”, Survival, Vol. 61, No. 2, April-May 2019, pp. 123-142. • Presentation: European operations: waging wars or maintaining peace? 7) Europe's Normative Power The European Union presents itself to its citizens and to the world mostly as a soft and normative power. Is normative power a tangible reality or an academic construct? Is it efficient? Is it soft? We will deepen these notions. Readings: - Ian Manners, “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, June 2002, pp. 235-58. - Tuomas Forsberg, “Normative Power Europe, Once Again: A Conceptual Analysis of an Ideal Type”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 49. No. 6, Nov. 2011, pp. 1183-1204. - Adrian Hyde-Price, “Normative power Europe: A realist critique”, Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2006, pp. 217-234. Further Readings: - Richard Price, “Transnational Civil Society and Advocacy in World Politics”, World Politics, Vol. 55, No. 4, July 2003, pp. 579-606. - Thomas Diez, “Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe”, Millennium: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 33, No. 3, June 2005, pp. 613-36. - Mark Leonard, Jean Pisani-Ferry, Jeremy Shapiro, Simone Tagliapietra and Guntram Wolff, The Geopolitics of the European Green Deal, Bruegel-ECFR Policy Contribution, No. 04/21, February 2021. • Presentation: Climate Change, Europe Norms? 8) Domestic and Foreign Security: The Terrorist Challenge The threat of terrorism is a persistent challenge. Waves of attacks in Europe have renewed a widespread sense of vulnerability. What is the specificity, if any, of the terrorist threat in Europe? Is there a cure? The class will offer some answer these important questions. Readings: - Olivier Roy, “Euro-Islam: The Jihad Within?”, The National Interest, No. 71, Spring 2003, pp. 63-73. - Peter R. Neumann, “The trouble with radicalization”, International Affairs, Vol. 89, No. 4, Sept. 2013, pp. 873-893. - David Omand, “Keeping Europe Safe: Counterterrorism for the Continent”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 95, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2016, pp. 83-93. Further Readings - Daniel Byman, “Understanding the Islamic State, A Review Essay”, International Security, Vol. 40, No. 4, Spring 2016, pp. 127-165. - Olivier Roy, “Who are the new jihadis?”, The Guardian, 13 April 2017. - Petter Nesser, “Military Interventions, Jihadi Networks, and Terrorist Entrepreneurs: How the Islamic State Terror Wave Rose So High in Europe”, CTC Sentinel, Vol. 12, No. 3, March 2019, pp. 15-21. • Presentation: Is the EU relevant in Counter-terrorism? 9) Neighborhood Policies: The Southern Dimension Regarding its South, the EU initiated its first framework of relations with the Barcelona process nearly two decades ago. Since the Arab spring, the Union had serious difficulty to exercise influence over its southern neighbours, especially regarding democratization and human rights. Inaction in Syria, intervention in Libya, disunion with refugees... The class will assess some these episodes. Readings: - Raffaella A. Del Sarto, “Normative empire Europe: the European Union, its borderlands and the ‘Arab Spring”', JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2, March 2016, pp. 215-32. - Daniel Byman, “Explaining the Western Response to the Arab Spring”, The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2013, pp. 289-320. - Luigi Scazzieri, Rethinking the EU's approach towards its southern neighbours, CER, July 2020. Further Readings: - Steven A. Cook, Major Power Rivalry in the Middle East, Council on Foreign Relations, March 2021. - Michael E. Smith, “Implementing the Global Strategy where it matters most: the EU's credibility deficit and the European neighbourhood”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2016, pp. 446-460 - Ian Bond, Luigi Scazzieri, and Senem Aydın-Düzgit, EU foreign, security and defence policy co-operation with neighbours: Mapping diversity, Policy Brief, CER, 10 May 2021 • Presentation: What can Europe do in the Mediterranean? 10) Neighborhood Policies: The Eastern Challenge From Georgia to Ukraine, frozen conflicts have destabilized some Eastern neighbors. Beyond sanctions, Europe has difficulty to answer to Russia's assertiveness. The class will discuss what a Russian policy would entail for Europe. Readings: - Sakwa Richard, “The death of Europe? Continental fates after Ukraine”, International Affairs, Vol. 91 No. 3, May 2015, pp. 553-579. - Michael McFaul, “Russia as It Is: A Grand Strategy for Confronting Putin”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 97, No. 4, July-Aug. 2018, pp. 82-91. - Jolyon Howorth, “‘Stability on the Borders': The Ukraine Crisis and the EU's Constrained Policy Towards the Eastern Neighbourhood”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 55., No. 1., Jan. 2017, pp. 121-136. Further Readings: - Anatol Lieven, “The Dance of the Ghosts: A New Cold War with Russia Will Not Serve Western Interests”, Survival, Vol. 60, No. 5, Oct.-Nov. 2018, pp. 115-140. - Erik J. Grossman, “Russia's Frozen Conflicts and the Donbas”, Parameters, Vol. 48, No. 2, Summer 2018, pp. 51-62. - Kadri Liik, Winning The Normative War With Russia: An EU-Russia Power Audit, European Council on Foreign Relations, May 2018. - Vladimir Ryzhkov, “Russia and the European Union: Crisis and Prospects”, Survival, Vol. 61, No. 3, June-July 2019, pp. 139-164. - Anders Åslund and Maria Snegovaya, The impact of Western sanctions on Russia and how they can be made even more effective, Atlantic Council, May 2021. • Presentation: Europe and Russia: beyond sanctions, what? 11) The Union and Multipolarity: old allies The world balance of power is changing as well as the role and position of the United States within it. From Obama to Biden through Trump, Europe had to cope with changing American priorities. Transatlantic ties remain significant, yet autonomy is now part of Europe's objectives. The class will debate these diverging goals. Readings: - Alina Polyakova and Benjamin Haddad, “Europe Alone: What Comes After the Transatlantic Alliance”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 4, July-August 2019, pp. 109-120. - Jean-Yves Haine, “A New Gaullist Moment?”, International Affairs, Vol. 91, No. 5, Sept. 2015, pp. 991-1008. - Hugo Meijer and Stephen G. Brooks, “Illusions of Autonomy: Why Europe Cannot Provide for Its Security If the United States Pulls Back”, International Security, Vol. 45, No. 4, Spring 2021, pp. 7-43. Further Readings: - Michael J. Boyle, “America and the Illiberal Order After Trump”, Survival, Vol. 62, No. 6, Dec. 2020-Jan. 2021, pp. 51-76. - John Mueller, ““Pax Americana” Is a Myth: Aversion to War Drives Peace and Order”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2020, pp. 115-136. - Fareed Zakaria, “The Self-Destruction of American Power: Washington Squandered the Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 4, July-August 2019, pp. 10-16. - Michael O'Hanlon, “Can America Still Protect Its Allies? How to Make Deterrence Work”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2019, pp. 193-202. • Presentation: Is NATO obsolete? 12) The Union and Multipolarity: new challenges Emerging powers present risks for world order. The Union finds itself in a strangely familiar position in the middle of Big Powers, but this time with China rather than Russia as the opposite side. Will Europe join a new Cold War? Will it a bridge between Washington and Beijing? The class will analyse Europe's choices. Readings: - European Commission and HR/VP contribution to the Council, EU-China - A strategic outlook, 12 March 2019, available at https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/eu-china-strategic-outlook-commission-contribution-european-council-21-22-march-2019_en - Odd Arne Westad, “The Sources of Chinese Conduct: Are Washington and Beijing Fighting a New Cold War?”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2019, pp. 86-95. - David A Scott, “Multipolarity, Multilateralism and Beyond? EU-China Understandings of the International System”, International Relations, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2013, pp. 30-51. Further Readings - Barry Buzan, “China in International Society: Is ‘Peaceful Rise' Possible?”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Vol. 3, 2010, pp. 5-36. - Adam P. Liff and G. John Ikenberry, “Racing toward Tragedy? China's Rise, Military Competition in the Asia Pacific and the Security Dilemma”, International Security, Vol. 39, No. 2, Fall 2014, pp. 52-91. - Graham Allison, “China vs. America, Managing the Next Clash of Civilizations”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 96, No. 5, Sept.-oct. 2017, pp. 80-89. - Shiping Tang, “China and the Future International Order(s)”, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 32, No. 1, 2018, pp. 31-43. - Evan S. Medeiros, “The Changing Fundamentals of US-China Relations”, The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3, 2019, pp. 93-119. • Presentation: Can Europe escape a US-China War?

Spring 2021-2022

1) Oral Presentation (40%) Each week, two or three students will be responsible for presenting introductory remarks from the readings as well as arguments about an empirical question, listed at the end of each class (below). Thus, you are requested to sign up for a specific class and you will be expected to present the main arguments of the readings, to illustrate them with background issue, and to briefly outline potential problems or disagreements. These questions usually need some research. The ‘further readings' section below each class will help you in this regard. 2) Op-Ed paper (20%) On a topic that will be given to you around week 5, you will have to write an editorial column as if it was a submission for a national newspaper. The aim is to translate one or more academic arguments into an opinion that may be read by a general audience. The piece should be 700 words maximum, without any reference. I want your opinion on an issue. Students should be ready to defend their opinion in a debate. 3) Final Essay (40%) At the last class of the term, I will give you a topic for the final essay. The objective is to make you think about a contemporary issue dealing with European Security. You will have a week to complete the essay, using open sources and materials from the course. Your essay should not be longer than 10 pages (1,5 line spacing). You will be judged on the quality of the writing, the clarity of arguments and the originality of your thinking.